![]() ![]() ![]() T 1 to t n are the time intervals at each of the sample points. T 1 to T N are the temperature at each of the sample points in kelvin. R is the gas constant (in J mol -1 K -1). In order to connect the macroscopically observed state variables of a gas such as temperature, volume and pressure with the microscopic variables such as particle mass and particle velocity, the kinetic theory of gases was developed. The mean kinetic temperature is higher than the arithmetic mean temperature. ΔH is the activation energy (in kJ mol -1). MATH How do we calculate MKT APPLICATION What can we do with MKT. T K is the mean kinetic temperature in kelvin. When establishing the mean kinetic temperature for a defined period, the formula of J. The mean kinetic temperature is higher than the arithmetic mean temperature and takes into account the Arrhenius equation. Barometric formula: The pressure at height h above height zero is given by. ![]() Mean kinetic temperature: a single derived temperature that, if maintained over a defined period of time, affords the same thermal challenge to a drug substance or drug product as would be experienced over a range of both higher and lower temperatures for an equivalent defined period. The relation between the mean kinetic energy and the temperature is given by. The mean kinetic temperature is the total influence of temperature on an object or product over a certain period of time.Įxtract from the ICH Topic Q 1 A (R2): Stabilty Testing of new Drug Substances and Products: ![]()
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Download the latest SCR3310 v2.0 USB Smart Card Reader driver for your computer's operating system. ![]() ![]() ![]() The term evolved from the Vedic Rudra-Shiva to the noun Shiva in the Epics and the Puranas, as an auspicious deity who is the "creator, reproducer and dissolver". The term Shiva also connotes "liberation, final emancipation" and "the auspicious one", this adjective sense of usage is addressed to many deities in Vedic layers of literature. The word Shiva is used as an adjective in the Rig Veda, as an epithet for several Rigvedic deities, including Rudra. As a proper name, it means "The Auspicious One". Shiva ( IAST: śiva, Sanskrit: शिव) literally means kind, friendly, gracious, or auspicious. 6.2 Grihastha and Sannyasi Shaiva: Mantramarga.4.2 Shaivism versus other Hindu traditions.4.1 Vedic, Puranik, and esoteric Shaivism.The followers of Shaivism are called "Shaivites" or "Saivas". It is the Hindu tradition that most accepts ascetic life and emphasizes yoga, and like other Hindu traditions encourages an individual to discover and be one with Shiva within. It is closely related to Shaktism, and some Shaivas worship in both Shiva and Shakti temples. Shaivite theology ranges from Shiva being the creator, preserver, and destroyer to being the same as the Atman (Self) within oneself and every living being. It arrived in Southeast Asia shortly thereafter, leading to the construction of thousands of Shaiva temples on the islands of Indonesia as well as Cambodia and Vietnam, co-evolving with Buddhism in these regions. īoth devotional and monistic Shaivism became popular in the 1st millennium CE, rapidly becoming the dominant religious tradition of many Hindu kingdoms. In the process of Sanskritization and formation of Hinduism, starting in the last centuries BCE these pre-Vedic traditions became aligned with the Vedic deity Rudra and other Vedic deities, incorporating the non-Vedic Shiva-traditions into the Vedic-Brahmanical fold. Shaivism developed as an amalgam of pre-Vedic religions and traditions derived from the southern Tamil Shaiva Siddhanta traditions and philosophies, which were assimilated in the non-Vedic Shiva-tradition. It considers both the Vedas and the Agama texts as important sources of theology. One of the largest Hindu denominations, it incorporates many sub-traditions ranging from devotional dualistic theism such as Shaiva Siddhanta to yoga-oriented monistic non-theism such as Kashmiri Shaivism. Shaivism ( / ˈ ʃ aɪ v ɪ z ə m/ Sanskrit: शैवसम्प्रदायः, Śaivasampradāyaḥ) is one of the major Hindu traditions that worships Shiva, which also includes Vaishnavism, Shaktism, and Smartism as the Supreme Being. ![]() ![]() ![]() Students will then explore the key genomic technologies and computational approaches that are driving advances in prognostics, diagnostics and treatment. ![]() This course will, through the lens of Pharmaceutical Science, provide an introduction and review of the general principles of genomics and molecular biology. These increases in our understanding of biology and human health can create breakthroughs in disease treatment and brings the prospect of personalized medicine closer to practical reality. Similar advances are ocurring for studying all the proteins within a cell (proteomics) and in our ability to manage and analyze all of the resulting data. 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Accessories are items that can be worn by characters to change their appearance and provide a stat bonus. ![]() ![]() ![]() An estimated 40,000-ish SIG P6s were in circulation before the Polizei retired the SIG P6 in 2000 in favor of the less-expensive polymer-framed H&K USP (which received the P8 designation) and the Walther P99Q. Among the three new pistols that did, the Walther P5 was unpopular and the H&K P7 was expensive, so the vast majority of German law enforcement agencies purchased the SIG Sauer P6. Mauser had also designed a pistol to meet the updated German requirements, but because it never went into production, it never received an official “P” designation. Heckler & Koch’s new PSP ( Polizei-Selbstlade-Pistole or “police self-loading pistol”) was designated the P7. SIG Sauer submitted a slightly modified version of its P225 and received the P6 designation. Walther later submitted an updated design to meet all the new requirements and received the P5 designation. Walther quickly bolted a decocker onto their P38 and received the P4 designation, but nothing else was “modern” about it so the P4 never really took off. They wanted the next generation of service pistols to feature a DA/SA action, 9×19 Luger chambering, 8 round magazine capacity, and the ability to decock the pistol via an external safety or decocking lever. For years, the Polizei relied on the P1 (Walther P38), P2 (SIG P210), and P3 (Astra 600) service pistols, until the mid-1970s when the West German government adopted a number of new requirements. When a service pistol receives approval by the West German government for sale to police ( Polizei) or military units, it receives a numbered “P” designation. West German SIG Sauer P6 SIG Sauer P6 History For your consideration, I present the SIG Sauer P6: But if you’re feeling a little adventurous, there is still at least one way to enjoy the West German SIG ownership experience without breaking the bank. Unfortunately for those of us who share that fondness, market values for original, serial number-matching, well-preserved West German SIG pistols keep climbing. I must, however, admit that West German SIGs always have, and always will, hold a special place in my heart. Staring through the glass cases at the full-line up SIG’s Pro Shop in Exeter, New Hampshire, I wanted one of each! All I’ll say on the subject is that I’ve personally visited SIG’s manufacturing facilities in Newington, New Hampshire and have seen first-hand the passion, attention to detail, and commitment to quality of the US-based employees, and would have no reservations owning any of their current-production-era examples. Whether or not West German SIGs are superior to the more modern US-made SIGs is a matter of debate best left for others to rehash. Among SIG Sauer collectors and enthusiasts, West German SIGs occupy a position of reverence. ![]() ![]() ![]() Introduction to Industrial Relations Industrial disputes: concept, causes and machinery for settlement of disputes Employee Grievances- concept, causes, grievance redressal procedure Discipline-concept, aspects of discipline and disciplinary procedure Collective bargaining: concept, process, problems, and essentials of effective collective bargaining. Training: Concept, Training Process, Methods of training Management development: Concept and Methods Performance Management System: Concept, uses of performance appraisal, performance management methods Career planning: Importance and stages.Ĭompensation: Components of pay, factors influencing compensation, steps in determining compensation, job evaluation Incentives: Importance and types Benefits: Need, types of benefits. Human Resource Planning, Need and process, HR Forecasting Techniques Job analysis-Uses, methods, Job description and Job specifications Recruitment: Factors affecting recruitment, internal and external sources Selection process Orientation: Concept and process. Introduction, Concept and Importance of Human Resource Management, Functions and Role of Human Resource Management Globalization and its Impact on HR Changing trends of Human Resource in India. The topics we will cover in these Fundamentals of Human Resource Management Notes PDF will be taken from the following list: Topics in our Fundamentals of Human Resource Management Notes PDF Students can easily make use of all these Fundamentals of Human Resource Management Notes PDF by downloading them. ![]() We have provided multiple complete Fundamentals of Human Resource Management Notes PDF for any university student of Bachelor of Management Studies (BMS) or Master of Business Administration (MBA) to enhance more knowledge about the subject and to score better marks in the exam. These notes also aims to explore the recent practices and trends in human resource management. ![]() In these “ Fundamentals of Human Resource Management Notes PDF”, we will help the students to develop an understanding of the concept and functions of human resource management. Fundamentals of Human Resource Management Notes PDF ![]() ![]() ![]() Decades ago, the planets in our solar system were all we knew. Though many scientific experiments teach us something new about the world, few have been able to so clearly redefine our place in the universe as Kepler. In the science press, the obituaries are already rolling out. But without a steady gaze the satellite can no longer carry out its mission. There may still be a way to fix the broken wheel or concoct some other strategy to keep Kepler shooting straight. Sad news came out from NASA yesterday that one of the satellite’s reaction wheels, a device that keeps Kepler’s eye steady, has failed. ![]() But the satellite’s quest may be at an end. Originally designed to run for three-and-a-half years, Kepler has pushed on. Extrapolations from this tiny patch of sky gave us hints of billion s more. Where the ancient Greeks knew of five planets besides our own Kepler gave us thousands. It’s been just over four years since NASA’s exoplanet-hunting Kepler satellite switched on and began staring unwaveringly at the same patch of the universe, watching for the subtle dips of light caused by a far-off planet passing in front of its star. The Kepler satellite’s first photo, captured on April 8, 2009. ![]() ![]() ![]() Spoilage bacteria will cause food to deteriorate or lose quality by developing a bad odour or feeling sticky on the outside of the meat, signs that consumers would normally notice. Certain pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus are relatively poor competitors and may be outgrown by other flora. spoilage bacteria) for growth on the meat. ![]() Pathogenic bacteria may need to compete with other bacterial flora (e.g. cooking to a core temperature of at least 75☌ instantaneously or other effective time/ temperature combinations). They cannot be seen or smelled on the meat, but can generally be killed by normal cooking conditions (i.e. These pathogenic bacteria are able to invade our bodies or produce toxins to cause illness. Meat has potential to carry foodborne pathogens that can cause illness and lead to food safety problems. ![]() Raw meat should be cooked thoroughly before consumption. In addition, the equipment and tools used in the processes, the hands and clothing of personnel as well as the environment may also contaminate the meat with bacteria. in their intestines, raw meat may be contaminated with bacteria during the slaughtering process such as evisceration and dressing procedures. As warm-blooded animals naturally carry bacteria such as Salmonella spp. Raw meat in general contains bacteria, including pathogenic and spoilage ones. Bacteria in Raw Meatįresh meat is a highly nutritious substrate with water activity of about 0.99, meaning that it is suitable for the growth of most microorganisms. controlling the storage temperature of the food), bacterial overgrowth can be prevented. ![]() Water activity is not the same as the moisture content of the food but is a measure, ranging from 0 to 1, of the availability of water in food which determines the growth and survival of bacteria. Intrinsic properties are the properties that are inherent parts of the food, such as pH and water activity, while extrinsic properties are the properties of the environment in which the food is stored, such as temperature. Factors Determining the Growth of Bacteria in Foodīacteria grow best when intrinsic and extrinsic properties are optimal for their growth. In this article, we will introduce some factors that determine the growth of bacteria in food, and discuss the different food safety considerations for bacteria in raw meat and cooked meat and the measures to reduce risks of food poisoning caused by bacteria. According to the World Health Organization, contamination of food by microbiological agents is a worldwide public health concern and most countries have documented significant increases over the past few decades in the incidence of diseases caused by microorganisms in food. Recently, bacterial contamination of meat has attracted public attention. Food Safety Focus (130 th Issue, May 2017 ) – Food Safety Platform Bacteria in Raw Meat vs Cooked Meat ![]() |
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