![]() ![]() Physical quantities, such as the energy of an atom at rest. Mechanics, it refers to a discrete unit that quantum theory assigns to certain The effects of quantum mechanics are typically not observable on macroscopic scales, but become evident at the atomicĬame from the Latin word which means "what quantity". Quantum theoryĭescriptions for many previously unexplained phenomena such Quantum mechanics is a fundamental branch of physics with wide applications. Mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whoseĭimensions are close to or below the atomic scale, such as molecules, atoms,Įlectrons, protons and other subatomic particles. Thousand times greater than for the outer electrons, the ![]() The inner electrons, those closer to the nucleus, areĪnother particle, an inner electron may be excited.Įlectron returns to the inner orbit, the excess energy ![]() TheĬontains only lines associated with transitions ![]() Most of the atoms are in the ground state. This is called the absorption spectrum of the Shows gaps corresponding to the absorption ofĪtoms. Passed through a group of atoms of a given species, Light at other frequencies is not absorbed. To one of its higher allowed energy states.Īt the specific transition frequencies, given byĮquation 1. Must be such that each photon has just the right pop operations will manipulate that same end.Can also be excited to a higher level by light at a As the stack grows (as push operations occur), new items will be added on the end of the list. The following stack implementation ( ActiveCode 1) assumes that the end of the list will hold the top element of the stack. Once that decision is made, the operations can be implemented using the list methods such as append and pop. For example, if we have the list, we need only to decide which end of the list will be considered the top of the stack and which will be the base. Recall that the list class in Python provides an ordered collection mechanism and a set of methods. Further, to implement a stack, which is a collection of elements, it makes sense to utilize the power and simplicity of the primitive collections provided by Python. The stack operations are implemented as methods. Recall that when we give an abstract data type a physical implementation we refer to the implementation as a data structure.Īs we described in Chapter 1, in Python, as in any object-oriented programming language, the implementation of choice for an abstract data type such as a stack is the creation of a new class. Now that we have clearly defined the stack as an abstract data type we will turn our attention to using Python to implement the stack. ![]()
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